wikipedia ägyptische mythologie

Some images and incidents, even in religious texts, are meant simply as visual or dramatic embellishments of broader, more meaningful myths. Others, like Jan Assmann, have said that true myths were rare in Egypt and may only have emerged partway through its history, developing out of the fragments of narration that appear in the earliest writings. Present events repeat the events of myth, and in doing so renew maat, the fundamental order of the universe. Here they represent the stars, and the story explains why the stars are visible at night and seemingly absent during the day. The Egyptologist James P. Allen believes that these explanations of the sun's movements are dissimilar but coexisting ideas. By stating that the king originated among the gods and was deliberately created by the most important god of the period, the story gives a mythical background to the king's coronation, which appears alongside the birth story. [48], Information from religious sources is limited by a system of traditional restrictions on what they could describe and depict. Hier stand Re (als Atum-Re) an der Spitze der Neunheit von Heliopolis, als Ursprungsgott, der dem Urhügel entstieg, um die Menschheit zu erschaffen. [67], One common feature of the myths is the emergence of the world from the waters of chaos that surround it. When Ra and Osiris meet, they merge into a single being. Der Ba (auch Exkursionsseele) ist in der Ägyptischen Mythologie eine Bezeichnung für einen bestimmten seelischen Aspekt, der sich trotz einer engen Bindung an den Körper von diesem ablösen und entfernen kann. Iah (ägyptische Mythologie) Connected to: {{::readMoreArticle.title}} aus Wikipedia, der freien Enzyklopädie {{bottomLinkPreText}} {{bottomLinkText}} This page is based on a Wikipedia article written by contributors (read/edit). This page was last edited on 4 May 2018, at 09:55. Nikol, Hamburg 2000, ISBN 3-937872-08-6, S. 626–630. The two are separated by the personification of air, Shu. [24] Moreover, the gods are not well-defined characters, and the motivations for their sometimes inconsistent actions are rarely given. These texts are a collection of several hundred incantations inscribed in the interiors of pyramids beginning in the 24th century BC. Both of them were patrons of cities in both halves of the country. At dawn he emerges from the Duat in the eastern horizon. Die damit verbundene rote Farbe erklärt die weitere Gleichsetzung von Re mit dem Planeten Mars. In temple design, the central path of the temple axis was likened to the sun god's path across the sky, and the sanctuary at the end of the path represented the place of creation from which he rose. Mehrere andere Götter wurden auch durch den allgemeinen Sonnenkult zu Gottheiten mit solarem Aspekt und verbanden sich mit dem Sonnengott Re wie zum Beispiel Chnum-Re, Sobek-Re, Month-Re etc. In Ehrfurcht und aus Angst vor einer Bestrafung bei Brechung dieses Tabus nannten die Ägypter Re in diesem Zeitraum „die Majestät dieses Gottes“. Kategorie:Ägyptische Mythologie. Hier findest du alle im Wiki vorgestellten Bücher, zu denen das Thema „Ägyptische Mythologie“ im Zusammenhang mit dem Genre „Fantasy“ passt. [60] For these reasons, events in Egyptian mythology rarely take place in foreign lands. Krokodile, die in diesen heiligen Tempeln verstarben, wurden wie Menschen einbalsamiert und als Mumien begraben. Gaia ist die Ehefrau des Himmelsgottes Uranos (Latein: Uranus). [37] The Egyptians also overlaid old religious ideas with new ones. [49] The conventions of Egyptian art were also poorly suited for portraying whole narratives, so most myth-related artwork consists of sparse individual scenes. Isis, the Rich Woman's Son, and the Fisherman's Wife, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egyptian_mythology&oldid=1000413309, Wikipedia pending changes protected pages, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 15 January 2021, at 00:31. [78] Although accounts differ as to which gods reigned and in what order, the succession from Ra-Atum to his descendants Shu and Geb—in which the kingship passes to the male in each generation of the Ennead—is common. However, many texts allude to the idea that the world, after countless cycles of renewal, is destined to end. 2. erweiterte und verbesserte Auflage. Although these texts are more clearly derived from myth than those mentioned above, they still adapt the myths for non-religious purposes. Myths are set in these earliest times, and myth sets the pattern for the cycles of the present. ÄGYPTISCHE MYTHEN UND MYSTERIEN das überlegen, können wir fragen: Ja, diese Seelen, die heute in uns wohnen, waren schon oft da; ist es nicht möglich, dass sie auch schon einmal im alten Ägypterlande da waren, zur Zeit der [36] As the influence of different cults shifted, some mythological systems attained national dominance. [117], A fragment of a text about the actions of Horus and Set dates to the Middle Kingdom, suggesting that stories about the gods arose in that era. The basic definition of myth suggested by the Egyptologist John Baines is "a sacred or culturally central narrative". Wie alle Götter herrschte Re am Anfang der Zeit als König auf der Erde. [6] Questions about this relationship between myth and ritual have spawned much discussion among Egyptologists and scholars of comparative religion in general. In some texts the first humans spring from tears that Ra-Atum or his feminine aspect, the Eye of Ra, sheds in a moment of weakness and distress, foreshadowing humans' flawed nature and sorrowful lives. Ufgfüehrt si au „vergöttligti“ Mensche usser de Pharaone, wo göttliche Rang gha hai und in ihre Totentempel im Rahme vom Totenkult verehrt worde si. Isfet was thought to be the counterpart of the term Ma'at (meaning "order" or "harmony"). Eine Alternativgeschichte schreiben in der diese Götter vorkommen könnt ihr… Other temple papyri describe rituals, many of which are based partly on myth. In contrast, his enemies—people who have undermined maat—are tormented and thrown into dark pits or lakes of fire. [66] Nevertheless, the categories are arranged in a very loose chronological order. So kam es in den ägyptischen Kultzentren von Heliopolis, Hermopolis magna und Memphis zu verschiedenen Theogonien. Once he has united with Osiris' regenerative power, Ra continues on his journey with renewed vitality. [72], In the period of the mythic past after the creation, Ra dwells on earth as king of the gods and of humans. Osiris, meanwhile, represents the regeneration of life. The development of Egyptian myth is difficult to trace. Anschließend soll er sich wieder in den Himmel zurückgezogen haben und fuhr danach tagsüber in Begleitung seiner Tochter Maat mit der Sonnenbarke durch den Himmel. Er kann bis in die späten Perioden als wohl wichtigster altägyptischer Gott bezeichnet werden, denn durch das Wirken seiner Kraft (der Sonne) ermöglichte er überhaupt erst das Leben auf der Erde und ließ es fortbestehen. In: Lexikon der ägyptischen Religionsgeschichte. [29][30], Few complete stories appear in Egyptian mythological sources. [53], In Egyptian belief, the disorder that predates the ordered world exists beyond the world as an infinite expanse of formless water, personified by the god Nun. Isis replaces her lost head with that of a cow. The Egyptians began using writing more extensively in the Old Kingdom, in which appeared the first major source of Egyptian mythology: the Pyramid Texts. Zahlreiche Tempel mit Teichanlagen für die heiligen Tiere waren Sobek geweiht, die wichtigsten darunter fanden sich bei Kom Ombo in Oberägypten, bei Tebtunis sowie in Krokodilopolis im Fayyum-Becken. Re (auch: Ra) ist der altägyptische Sonnengott. Januar 2021 um 16:17 Uhr bearbeitet. [65] This renewal makes possible Ra's emergence at dawn, which is seen as the rebirth of the sun—expressed by a metaphor in which Nut gives birth to Ra after she has swallowed him—and the repetition of the first sunrise at the moment of creation. [5] Rituals early in Egyptian history included only a few motifs from myth. [23], Most of Egypt's gods, including many of the major ones, do not have significant roles in any mythic narratives,[24] although their nature and relationships with other deities are often established in lists or bare statements without narration. Each variant of a myth represents a different symbolic perspective, enriching the Egyptians' understanding of the gods and the world. Because these distant periods lend themselves to linear narrative better than the cycles of the present, John Baines sees them as the only periods in which true myths take place. Osiris, relegated to the Duat, is like a mummified body within its tomb. The episodes in this phase of the myth concern Isis' efforts to protect her son from Set or other hostile beings, or to heal him from sickness or injury. Weakened by her absence, Ra sends one of the other gods—Shu, Thoth, or Anhur, in different accounts—to retrieve her, by force or persuasion. [91], At sunset Ra passes through the akhet, the horizon, in the west. [14], Atum, a god closely connected with the sun and the primeval mound, is the focus of a creation myth dating back at least to the Old Kingdom. Unter anderem wurde er symbolisch als geflügelte, gewöhnlich von der Uräusschlange umwundene Sonnenscheibe dargestellt; so beispielsweise in Menschengestalt verbunden mit Horus als Re-Harachte-Atum mit Falkenkopf, der eine Sonnenscheibe trägt. [19], Like myths in many other cultures, Egyptian myths serve to justify human traditions and to address fundamental questions about the world,[21] such as the nature of disorder and the ultimate fate of the universe. This end is described in a passage in the Coffin Texts and a more explicit one in the Book of the Dead, in which Atum says that he will one day dissolve the ordered world and return to his primeval, inert state within the waters of chaos. Their struggle encompasses a great number of separate episodes and ranges in character from violent conflict to a legal judgment by the assembled gods. At the other end of time is the end of the cycles and the dissolution of the world. Kategorie:Ägyptische Mythologie - Artikel in der deutschen Wikipedia Unterkategorien Es werden 5 von insgesamt 5 Unterkategorien in dieser Kategorie angezeigt: [42] Most Egyptians were illiterate and may therefore have had an elaborate oral tradition that transmitted myths through spoken storytelling. The relationship between Osiris as king of the dead and Horus as king of the living stands for the relationship between every king and his deceased predecessors. [112] The pyramid, the best-known of all Egyptian architectural forms, may have been inspired by mythic symbolism, for it represented the mound of creation and the original sunrise, appropriate for a monument intended to assure the owner's rebirth after death. [25] Mythological texts and illustrations, similar to those on temple papyri, also appear in the decoration of the temple buildings. Ägyptische Götter. Egyptian accounts give sequences of divine rulers who take the place of the sun god as king on earth, each reigning for many thousands of years. [59], Foreign nations are associated with the hostile deserts in Egyptian ideology. Without a single, canonical version of any myth, the Egyptians adapted the broad traditions of myth to fit the varied purposes of their writings. By the time of the Coffin Texts, they described the formation of the world as the realization of a concept first developed within the mind of the creator god. In the evening, Ra takes the form of Atum, the creator god, oldest of all things in the world. Many of these references are mere allusions to mythic motifs, but several stories are based entirely on mythic narratives. [35] The local cults of various deities developed theologies centered on their own patron gods. Thus the Egyptians saw water and the sun as symbols of life and thought of time as a series of natural cycles. Dieser Artikel beschäftigt sich mit den altägyptischen Gottheiten und Gestalten der Mythologie. Da Re dem überlieferten Mythos nach als Tagesgestirn in der Nacht im Innern von Nut ruhte und erst am Morgen neu von ihr geboren wurde, durfte sein Name während seiner nächtlichen Abwesenheit öffentlich nicht ausgesprochen werden. WikiZero Özgür Ansiklopedi - Wikipedia Okumanın En Kolay Yolu . Egyptian mythology is the collection of myths from ancient Egypt, which describe the actions of the Egyptian gods as a means of understanding the world around them. These images are symbolic of the awesome and enigmatic nature of the Duat, where both the gods and the dead are renewed by contact with the original powers of creation. The myths about the Ennead establish the king as heir to the lineage of rulers reaching back to the creator; the myth of divine birth states that the king is the son and heir of a god; and the myths about Osiris and Horus emphasize that rightful succession to the throne is essential to the maintenance of maat. [5] But it is difficult to determine whether a culture's myths developed before rituals or vice versa. In that story, the three kings are the offspring of Ra and a human woman. [118], Horus and Set, portrayed together, often stand for the pairing of Upper and Lower Egypt, although either god can stand for either region. Untakategorina. [7] In contrast, J. F. Borghouts says of magical texts that there is "not a shred of evidence that a specific kind of 'unorthodox' mythology was coined... for this genre. [4], Another possible source for mythology is ritual. [108] Nevertheless, myth and ritual strongly influenced each other. [34], One commonly suggested reason for inconsistencies in myth is that religious ideas differed over time and in different regions. Upon her return, the goddess becomes the consort of Ra or of the god who has retrieved her. Many rituals make reference to myths and are sometimes based directly on them. Indeed, although Egyptian texts avoid saying it explicitly, Ra's entry into the Duat is seen as his death. Some of these papyri contain hymns, which, in praising a god for its actions, often refer to the myths that define those actions. [3] For these reasons, the Egyptians saw their land as an isolated place of stability, or maat, surrounded and endangered by chaos. Neith (ägyptisch: „die Schreckliche“) war eine Göttin in der Mythologie des Alten Ägypten.Sie ist eine der ältesten bezeugten Göttinnen und wurde im Laufe der ägyptischen Geschichte als Kriegsgöttin, Schöpfergöttin, Muttergöttin, Göttin von Unterägypten und Totengöttin verehrt. Die Liste vo ägyptische Götter umfasst näbe de bekannte und weniger bekannte Götter vom Land au Götter vo einzelne Gebiet und Gau (Nome) und au Dämone, wo in verschiidene Gstalte und Forme in der ägyptische Mythologii erwähnt wärde. Der Sonnengott erboste und sandte sein Auge in Gestalt der Göttin Sachmet, um diese Menschen zu vernichten. [14] Many scholars have suggested that the myth of the sun god withdrawing into the sky, leaving humans to fight among themselves, was inspired by the breakdown of royal authority and national unity at the end of the Old Kingdom (c. 2686 BC – 2181 BC). With order restored, Horus can perform the funerary rites for his father that are his duty as son and heir. Sein Name bedeutet im Ägyptischen schlicht „Sonne“. Maat encompasses both the proper behavior of humans and the normal functioning of the forces of nature, both of which make life and happiness possible. [50], The attitudes toward myth in nonreligious Egyptian texts vary greatly. Many of the incantations allude to myths related to the afterlife, including creation myths and the myth of Osiris. Die fast dreitausend Jahre, eventuell sogar noch länger andauernde Tradierung beweist das Festhalten an den mythologischen Vorgaben des Nutbuches … Ptah's creation myth incorporates older myths by saying that it is the Ennead who carry out Ptah's creative commands. Multiple versions of the same myth express different aspects of the same phenomenon; different gods that behave in a similar way reflect the close connections between natural forces. The Eye goddess drinks the beer, becomes drunk, and ceases her rampage. They link the entirely mythical rulers to the final part of the sequence, the lineage of Egypt's historical kings. Die Darstellungsformen von Re sind äußerst zahlreich. Maat in Hieroglyphen; Ideogramm: Altes Reich: Mittleres Reich: Neues Reich: Saitenzeit: Maat M3ˁt Maat: Maat : Maat war das altägyptische Konzept für Gerechtigkeit, Weltordnung, Wahrheit, Staatsführung und Recht. Their importance lay in their underlying meaning, not their characteristics as stories. There, two mountains, in the east and the west, mark the places where the sun enters and exits the Duat. The Egyptologist David Frankfurter argues that these rituals adapt basic mythic traditions to fit the specific ritual, creating elaborate new stories (called historiolas) based on myth. At this moment, the rising sun god swallows the stars once more, absorbing their power. [33] Separate deities could even be syncretized, or linked, as a single being. [99] Details about this eschatological prospect are left unclear, including the fate of the dead who are associated with Osiris. In Allen's view, Nut represents the visible surface of the waters of Nun, with the stars floating on this surface. [83], In the third phase of the story, Horus competes with Set for the kingship. Temple decoration was filled with solar emblems that underscored this relationship. Der Falkenkopf wurde jedoch nur für die Dauer des Sonnenauf- und Unterganges verwendet. [62] This primeval era seems to predate the start of the sun's journey and the recurring patterns of the present world. Others say humans are molded from clay by the god Khnum. He is succeeded first by gods and then by spirits that represent dim memories of Egypt's Predynastic rulers, the souls of Nekhen and Pe. Geraldine Pinch: Egyptian Mythology: A Guide to the Gods, Goddesses, and Traditions of Ancient Egypt. Der Ka ist in der altägyptischen Mythologie ein Aspekt des Seelischen, der den physischen Tod des Menschen überdauert.Er verlässt den Körper des Sterbenden und existiert dann eigenständig weiter. Egyptian texts variously describe the nighttime sun as traveling beneath the earth and within the body of Nut. The same theme appears in a firmly religious context in the New Kingdom, when the rulers Hatshepsut, Amenhotep III, and Ramesses II depicted in temple reliefs their own conception and birth, in which the god Amun is the father and the historical queen the mother. In these episodes Isis is the epitome of maternal devotion and a powerful practitioner of healing magic. [87], Ra's movements through the sky and the Duat are not fully narrated in Egyptian sources,[89] although funerary texts like the Amduat, Book of Gates, and Book of Caverns relate the nighttime half of the journey in sequences of vignettes. [114], More ordinary works of art were also designed to evoke mythic themes, like the amulets that Egyptians commonly wore to invoke divine powers. [74][Note 2] At one point he faces dissent even from an extension of himself, the Eye of Ra, which can act independently of him in the form of a goddess. The sun and the stars move along with this dome, and their passage below the horizon is simply their movement over areas of the earth that the Egyptians could not see. [71], The origin of humans is not a major feature of Egyptian creation stories. [28], The sources that are available range from solemn hymns to entertaining stories. Ein faszinierender Führer durch Mythologie und Religion des Alten Ägypten zu den großartigen Tempeln, … The Ogdoad consisted of four pairs of deities, four male gods paired with their female counterparts. Willkommen im Mythologie Wiki! The New Kingdom also saw the development of another type of funerary text, containing detailed and cohesive descriptions of the nocturnal journey of the sun god. De Kategorie enthoit nua de foigande Untakategorie: G Ägyptische Gottheit‎ (9 S) De Seitn is zletzt am 5. Die Liste unten enthält ein paar Informationen zu den Göttern/Göttinen der Pharaonen und ihrer Untertanen. Theiss, Stuttgart 2003, ISBN 3-8062-1819-6, S. 156–159. The earth, personified by the god Geb, is a flat piece of land over which arches the sky, usually represented by the goddess Nut. [47], The Egyptians also performed rituals for personal goals such as protection from or healing of illness. Götter, Mythen, Religionen. [57], The fertile lands of the Nile Valley (Upper Egypt) and Delta (Lower Egypt) lie at the center of the world in Egyptian cosmology. [30], In traveling across the sky, Ra brings light to the earth, sustaining all things that live there. For instance, the god Ptah, whose cult was centered at Memphis, was also said to be the creator of the world. [39] By combining concepts in this way, the Egyptians produced an immensely complicated set of deities and myths. The greatest challenge is the opposition of Apep, a serpent god who represents the destructive aspect of disorder, and who threatens to destroy the sun god and plunge creation into chaos. Scenes and symbols from myth appeared in art in tombs, temples, and amulets. [38] Thus, the myth makes Ptah older and greater than the Ennead. [52], To the Egyptians, the most important human maintainer of maat is the pharaoh. One fragmentary tradition centers on the eight gods of the Ogdoad, who represent the characteristics of the primeval water itself. These sources often contain nothing more than allusions to the events to which they relate, and texts that contain actual narratives tell only portions of a larger story.