ustascha in kroatien

Sze Yat Lung (44) wurde im dalmatinischen Imotski verhaftet, da er in einem lokalen Kaffeehaus während des Finalspiels der Europameisterschaft im Handball zwischen Kroatien und Spanien Ustascha-Lieder sang. [32], The Ustaše recognized both Roman Catholicism and Islam as national religions of the Croatian people but initially rejected Orthodox Christianity as being incompatible with their objectives. [171], In 2019 the Austrian government passed a law forbidding the display of Ustaše symbols,[172] along with previously banned Nazi symbols, largely as a result of the display of same by Croatian nationalists at the annual, Croatian government-sponsored Bleiburg commemorations, where Austrian police have repeatedly arrested Croat nationalists for Nazi and fascist salutes. [116] During the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, the Catholic Clergy was deeply dissatisfied with the regime: "... a massive press campaign was launched to mobilize Croatia's nearly three million Catholics against the central government's measures penalizing Saint Peter's apostolate. [9] The movement emphasized the need for a racially "pure" Croatia and promoted genocide against Serbs, Jews and Romani people, and persecution of anti-fascist or dissident Croats and Bosniaks. Out of a total, by some estimates, of 350 million Swiss francs, an intelligence report estimated 200 million (ca. One, in order to weaken Yugoslavia, Little Entente, in order to ultimately regain some of its lost territories. Die erste schematische Verwendung des Ustascha-Emblems findet sich im Logo der Organisationszeitung „Ustaša: Vijesnik hrvatskih revolucionaraca“ vom Mai 1930. Right now, with the available forces, I could not ask for such action. Da von der Ostseite des großen Jasenovac-Beckens die Flü… The current administration of the Museum has further expanded the list to include a bit over 80,000 names. Thus Major Walter Kleinenberger, officer with the 714th division, complained that Ustaše brutality “was in defiance of all laws of civilization. This will have the effect of bringing them into the German orbit". The Germans and Italians split the NDH into two zones of influence, one in the southwest controlled by the Italians and the other in the northeast controlled by the Germans. Rein militärisch betrachtet war sie eine gut ausgebildete, kampfstarke Eliteeinheit, die zahlreiche beachtliche militärische Erfolge erringen konnte, oftmals gegen zahlenmäßig überlegene Gegner. Image File:Weibliche Ustascha-Jugend StAF W 134 Nr. The majority of Pravoslavs are as a matter of fact Croats who were forced by foreign invaders to accept the infidel faith. [21], Ustascha konnte jeder Kroate werden, der „für den Ustaschen-Kampf fähig und den Ustaschen-Prinzipien […] ergeben ist.“[22] Die Pflichten eines Ustascha waren die Ablegung des Ustaschen-Eides und die unerlässliche Ausführung aller Arbeit, aller Pflichten, aller Befehle und Bestimmungen sowie ein unbeirrbares Verantwortungsgefühl.[23]. Zagreb/Jerusalem – Das Wiesenthal-Zentrum hat die Behörden in Kroatien dazu gedrängt, Aktionen und Publikationen von Holocaustleugnern zu verbieten. Das Verhältnis der katholischen Kirche zur Ustascha war ambivalent. Die staatliche Jugendorganisation Ustaška Mladež hatte ein eigenes Symbol, das in unterschiedlichen farblichen Varianten verwendet wurde.[37]. During the visit he held a Mass at the aforementioned Petrićevac monastery. [32], The Ustaše introduced widespread measures, to which many Croats themselves fell victim. [4], Die Ustascha wurde als Reaktion auf die Proklamation der Königsdiktatur durch den serbisch-jugoslawischen König Alexander I. gegründet. Das selbstgesetzte Ziel der Ustascha war „die Wiederherstellung des freien und unabhängigen kroatischen Staates auf dem gesamten historischen und ethnisch geschlossenen Gebiet des kroatischen Volkes.“[12] Dieses Ziel war „mit allen Mitteln, ja sogar im bewaffneten Aufstand zu erreichen“.[13]. Maček was later again called upon by foreigners to take a stand and oppose the Pavelić government, but refused. In der heutigen Republik Kroatien gilt sie, wie auch die Ustaschaund das NDH-Regime im Allgemeinen als fasc… Die sogenannte Ustascha war die faschistische Gruppierung in Kroatien zur Zeit des Zweiten Weltkrieges. This became possible only through the support of the state, which thereby seeks, on one hand, to strengthen the pro-Serbian Jews, and on the other, to weaken Croat national strength. Bishop Alojzije Mišić of Mostar described how while Serb converts to Catholicism "were at Church attending holy Mass, they (Ustaše) seized them, the young and the old, men and women, drove them like cattle...and soon sent them to eternity, en masse". 026029 Bild 1 ... image. Waffen-Gebirgs-Division der SS „Handschar“ aufgestellt. Die Farbgebung des Emblems spiegelte die kroatischen Nationalfarben rot-weiß-blau wider. Beyond that, the agreements specified that the NDH military will supply Chetniks with arms and ammunition, Chetniks wounded in anti-partisan operations will be treated at NDH military hospitals, and widows and orphans of killed Chetnik soldiers, will receive state financial aid equal to aid received by widows and orphans of NDH soldiers. "[174][175], After World War II, the Ustaše movement was split into several organizations and there is presently no political or paramilitary movement that claims its legacy as their "successor". However, some Croats see it as a patriotic salute, emphasising defending one's home and country. Die Ustascha haben Hunderttausende Serben ermordet. [1], The symbol of the Ustaše was a capital blue letter "U" with an exploding grenade emblem within it.[153][154]. Decrees enacted by the regime formed the basis that allowed it to get rid of all unwanted employees in state and local government and in state enterprises, the "unwanted" being all Jews, Serbs and Yugoslav-oriented Croats who were all thrown out except for some deemed specifically needed by the government. Sze Yat Lung (44) wurde im dalmatinischen Imotski verhaftet, da er in einem lokalen Kaffeehaus während des Finalspiels der Europameisterschaft im Handball … While in prison, Pavelić was informed of the 1935 election in Yugoslavia, when the coalition led by Croat Vladko Maček won. In September 1943, after Italian capitulation, the NDH annexed the whole territory which was annexed by Italy according to Treaty of Rome. Slavko Goldstein verortet die Ursachen der Jugoslawienkriege im Völkermord des Ustascha-Regimes an Serben, Juden und Roma. However, the Ustaše never received massive support from ordinary Croats. [142] On 30 June 1942, the Chief Headquarters of the Poglavnik (i.e. Die Regierung reagierte auf die Aktivitäten der Ustascha mit der gewaltsamen Unterdrückung jedes potentiellen Widerstandes. Most of the support it had initially gained by creating a Croat national state was lost because of the brutal practices it used. [128] Yet in its pastoral letter of 24 March 1945, the Croatian Catholic Church still proclaimed its support for the puppet state and its rulers, despite the fact that most senior regime figures were preparing to flee the country. Dort bildete er eine „Exilregierung“, die jedoch von keinem Staat anerkannt wurde. In early 1941 Jews and Serbs were ordered to leave certain areas of Zagreb. From their training camps in fascist Italy and Hungary, they planted time bombs on international trains bound for Yugoslavia, causing deaths and material damage. Die Gräueltaten der kroatischen Ustascha werden bis heute mehr oder weniger verschwiegen, wie immer, wenn auch die Kirche mit im Spiel ist. Januar 1929 einen Staatsstreich durch. State policy towards Serbs had first been declared in the words of Milovan Žanić, a minister of the NDH Legislative council, on 2 May 1941: This country can only be a Croatian country, and there is no method we would hesitate to use in order to make it truly Croatian and cleanse it of Serbs, who have for centuries endangered us and who will endanger us again if they are given the opportunity. [113] Orthodox Church properties were confiscated by the Ustaše,[113] some turned over to the Croatian Catholic Church. [166], In 2014 the then-mayor of Split, Croatia unveiled a monument dedicated to the 1990s HOS brigade named "The Knight Rafael Boban", after the Ustaše commander, which includes the HOS emblem with the Ustaše "Za dom spremni" salute. Darüber hinaus sind Klassifizierungen wie klerikal- und halbfaschistisch verbreitet. Organisationen bildade under andra världskriget Oberoende staten Kroatien 1941 med assistans från axelmakterna. This variance stems from the fact that Ustaše is the plural form of Ustaša in the Serbo-Croatian language. Der Kern ihrer Ideologie konzentrierte sich auf die nationale Frage der Unabhängigkeit eines kroatischen Staates. [140], In 1998 Stepinac was beatified by Pope John Paul II. Die serbische Bevölkerung sollte zügig eliminiert werden. [106] Ustaše “wholesale butchery” (Abschlachtung) of Serbs in Srem, in ISC-occupied Serbia, triggered German concerns of Serb uprisings. Die Ustascha (kroatisch Ustaša?/i, Plural Ustaše?/i, vollständig Ustaša – Hrvatska revolucionarna organizacija, kurz UHRO; deutsch Der Aufständische – Kroatische revolutionäre Organisation) war ein von Ante Pavelić im Jahr 1930[2] im Königreich Italien gegründeter und von ihm geführter kroatischer nationalistisch-terroristischer Geheimbund, der sich zu einer faschistischen Bewegung entwickelte. [68] The "emigre" Ustaše who had a much lower educational level were viewed as violent, ignorant and fanatical by the "home" Ustaše while the "home" Ustaše were dismissed as "soft" by the "emigres" who saw themselves as a "warrior-elite".[68]. Kroatische und Ustascha Militaria Es gibt 11 Artikel. Various members of the Croatian Party of Rights contributed to the writing of the Domobran, until around Christmas 1928 when the newspaper was banned by authorities of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. [81], A Gestapo report to Reichsführer SS Heinrich Himmler, dated 17 February 1942, stated:.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 40px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}, Increased activity of the bands [of rebels] is chiefly due to atrocities carried out by Ustaše units in Croatia against the Orthodox population. [85], The Ustaše intended to create an ethnically "pure" Croatia, and they viewed the Serbs living in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina as the biggest obstacle to this goal. Pavelić was imprisoned in Turin and released in March 1936. Januar 2021 um 17:56 Uhr bearbeitet. Poor souls, they were calm. [114], Despite these many actions by the Ustaše to destroy the Serbian Orthodox Church, the historian Jozo Tomasevich found no condemnations of these crimes, public or private, by Catholic Archbishop Stepinac or any other members of the Croatian Catholic Church. Ich habe bisher auch nicht den Eindruck gehabt, dass Neuer rechtes Gedankengut hat. Aus diesen Kreisen stammte auch Tuđmans scharfmachender Verteidigungsminister Gojko Šušak. [46] Die historischen Wurzeln sind vor allem bei Ante Starčević zu finden, der ein vehementer Befürworter der kroatischen Unabhängigkeit war, was sich zum Beispiel im wesentlichen Teil des Ustaschaschwurs widerspiegelt. Die Gedenkstätte Jasenovac konnte über 16.000 ermordete Roma … During World War II various German military commanders and civilian authorities gave different figures for the number of Serbs, Jews and others killed inside the territory of the Independent State of Croatia. Von 1941 bis 1945 herrschte in Kroatien ein faschistisches Regime der Ustascha, das Serben in Konzentrationslager verschleppte. By 1929 two divergent Croatian political streams had formed: those who supported Pavelić's view that only violence could secure Croatia's national interests, and the Croatian Peasant Party, led then by Vladko Maček, successor to Stjepan Radić, which had much greater support among Croats.[32]. [83], After World War II, many of the Ustaše went underground or fled to countries such as Canada, Australia, Germany and some countries in South America, notably Argentina, with the assistance of Roman Catholic churches and their own grassroots supporters. Branimir Jelić founded the Croatian National Committee. [8] The Ustaše sought to represent Starčević as being connected to their views. The whole process was highly arbitrary. Einen Tag später emigrierte Pavelić nach Italien, wo er Emigranten der Ustascha-Bewegung um sich sammelte und sie zu einer Terrororganisation formte. [70] In February 1939 two returnees from detention, Mile Budak and Ivan Oršanić, became editors of Hrvatski narod, known in English as The Croatian Nation, a pro-Ustaše journal. Aufgrund der zahlreichen Auslandskroaten, gab es zudem drei „Stožer“ in Europa sowie Nord- und Südamerika. Auf meine Wunschliste . [13] The Ustaše regime was backed by parts of the Croatian population that during the interwar period had felt oppressed in the Serbian-led Yugoslavia. [133], Miroslav Filipović was a Franciscan friar (from the Petrićevac monastery) who allegedly joined the Ustaše as chaplain and, on 7 February 1942, joined in the massacre of roughly 2730 Serbs of the nearby villages, including some 500 children. Finally, to destroy the Serbian Orthodox Church, the Ustaše tried to create its own alternative Croatian Orthodox Church with an imported Russian priest, but failed to gain adherents. 1939-1945 Dieser Ab… [118] The Ustaše supported violent aggression or force to convert Serbo-Croatian speaking Orthodox believers to Roman Catholicism. [64] In November 1932 ten Ustaše, led by Andrija Artuković and supported by four local sympathizers, attacked a gendarme outpost at Brušani in the Lika/Velebit area, in an apparent attempt to intimidate the Yugoslav authorities. The same term was the name of Croatian third-class infantry regiments (German: Landsturm regiments) during World War I (1914–1918). Lebensjahr, Ustaški junaci bzw. (2009), BiH Supreme Court Archive, B.I.I.k171-13/15-1, sfn error: no target: CITEREFBiondich2007a (. Vjekoslav Vrančić founded a reformed Croatian Liberation Movement and was its leader. In both these works, the regime founded by Pavelić lasted several decades beyond the 1940s. Kroatien: Streitkräfte Kroatische Streitkräfte: Miliz Ustaška vojnica (Ustascha-Miliz) Truppengattung Sarajevske ustaške pukovnije (Sarajevo-Ustascha-Regiment) Stärke 1.200 – 1.500 Garnisonen Sarajevo: Spitzname Crnci (Die Schwarzen) Motto Za poglavnika i za dom spremni! Lebensjahr. On the contrary, he states that this massive Ustaše attack on the Serbian Orthodox Church "was approved and supported by many Croatian Catholic priests",[113] and that the Croatian Roman Catholic Church hierarchy and the Vatican "regarded Ustaše policies against the Serbs and Serbian Orthodox Church as advantageous to Roman Catholicism". Image File:Weibliche Ustascha-Jugend StAF W 134 Nr. Dieses und vergleichbares Vorgehen der Tito-Partisanen von anderen Orten aus wurde unter der Sammelbezeichnung Massaker von Bleiburg bekannt. It was previously headed by Milan Bulajić, who supported the claim of a total of 700,000 victims. [4] In English, Ustasha, Ustashe, Ustashas and Ustashi are used for the movement or its members. MAJA 1942. 1939-1945 Dieser Ab… Pavelić übernahm unter dem Titel Poglavnik (wörtlich so viel wie Oberhaupt) die Rolle des Führers, die Ustascha-Bewegung (Ustaški pokret) wurde zur Einheitspartei und parallel zur Aufstellung einer auf Wehrpflicht basierenden regulären Armee (an deren politischer Verlässlichkeit Zweifel bestanden) wurde nach dem Vorbild der SS die Ustascha-Miliz (Ustaška vojnica) als Prätorianergarde des Regimes gebildet. Weltkrieg kamen in Kroatien 750.000 Serben durch die Ustascha um. [151] In April 1945, by his own admission, Ante Pavelić received “two generals from the headquarters Draža Mihailović and reached an agreement with them on a joint fight against Tito's communists", while in the first days of May, Chetnik units passed through Ustaše-held Zagreb, on their way to Bleiburg, after which Chetniks and members of the Ustaše army, were killed by the Partisans in various sites, including Tezno near Maribor. [27][28] Die erstmalige Darstellung des grafisch ausgereiften Emblems findet sich im Jahr 1932 ebenfalls im Logo der Zeitung „Ustaša“[29][30] und vor allem auf dem Titelblatt der „Verfassung der Ustaschen-Bewegung“. O PRIZNAVANjU VLASTI NDH I SARADNjI U BORBI PROTIV NOP-a, Zbornik dkumenata i podataka NOR-a, tom XIV (četnički dokumenti), knjiga 1 (1941. i 1942. godina), Vojnoizdavački zavod, Beograd - dokument broj 74, PREDLOG ŠTABA OZRENSKOG ČETNIČKOG ODREDA OD 10. Siehe Fikreta Jelić-Butić: Mark Biondich: Religion and Nation in Wartime Croatia : Reflections on the Ustaša Policy of Forced Religious Conversions, 1941–1942. The first mass killing of Serbs was carried out on 30 April 1941, when the Ustaše rounded up and killed 196 Serb villagers at Gudovac. [42] The Ustaše believed that a government must naturally be strong and authoritarian. [66] By the mid-1930s, graffiti with the initials ŽAP meaning "Long live Ante Pavelić" (Croatian: Živio Ante Pavelić) had begun to appear on the streets of Zagreb. [dubious – discuss] Most of those fleeing, including both Ustaše and civilians, were handed over to the Partisans at Bleiburg and elsewhere on the Austrian border. [citation needed] The Court for the Preservation of the State in Belgrade sentenced Pavelić and Perčec to death on 17 July 1929. Pavelić hid in Austria and Rome, with the help of Catholic clergy, later fleeing to Argentina. [7], Much of the ideology of the Ustaše was based on Nazi racial theory. [8] (The name given by modern historian to this particular aspect of Ustaše ideology varies; "national Catholicism",[38] "political Catholicism" and "Catholic Croatism"[39] have been proposed among others.) Die Ustascha (Der Aufständische – Kroatische Revolutionäre Organisation) wurde 1929 von einem gewissen Ante Pavelic gegründet. The Ustaše believed that the assassination of King Alexander had effectively "broken the backbone of Yugoslavia" and that it was their "most important achievement. [137] The question remains unclarified.[138][136]. [129] The Catholic press also maintained its support of Pavelić right to the end,[130] and Stepinac himself performed a final Te Deum to the NDH on the anniversary of its founding, on 10 April 1945, while the NDH was carrying out the final mass killings to liquidate the Jasenovac concentration camp. Žerjavić further stated there were 197,000 Serb civilians killed in NDH (78,000 as prisoners in Jasenovac and elsewhere) as well as 125,000 Serb combatants. Djuro Schwartz, "In the Jasenovac camps of death" (ג'ורו שווארץ, במחנות המוות של יאסנובאץ", קובץ מחקרים כ"ה, יד-ושם). Nach der Zerschlagung Jugoslawiens überschritten die ca. Im Video verherrlichen sie ganz klar die #Ustascha und verwenden eindeutige Symbolik. [35] Aufgrund der Verwendung durch die Ustascha wird heute das historische kroatische Wappen mit einem ersten silbernen Feld als Ausweis einer rechtsradikalen politischen Orientierung verwendet und wahrgenommen.[36]. Zagreb 1987) zur Zahl der Opfer des Zweiten Weltkrieges in Jugoslawien ergeben übereinstimmend, dass ca. After he met with Eugen Dido Kvaternik, he stated that assassination was "the only language Serbs understand". Erst nachdem sich die Führung der kroatischen Bauernpartei nicht zur Kollaboration mit Deutschen und Italienern bereitfand, konnte Pavelic an die Macht kommen und seinen Unabhängigen Staat Kroatien (Nezavisna Drzava Hrvatskan, NDH) ausrufen, zu dem auch Bosnien und die Herzegowina gehörten. The Ustaše greeting was "Za dom – spremni! Weltkrieg kamen in Kroatien 750.000 Serben durch die Ustascha um. Recent examples include the publication of a book celebrating "the Croatian knight", Maks Luburic,[160] who as head of Ustaše concentration camps was responsible for over 100,000 deaths, during Ustaše genocides against Jews, Serbs and Roma, and a documentary minimizing children's deaths in Ustaše concentration camps. Kroatien. Der Name Ustaša, also Aufständischer, für das einzelne Mitglied wie für die gesamte Organisation wurde in Erinnerung an die a… Most of the support it had initially gained by creating a Croat national state was lost because of the brutal practices it used.