This rebellion grew rapidly under Lin Chi-hieh and other leaders, oue of whom was a woman surnamed Wang, until there were a hundred thousand rebels in arms, who fought with varying fortune against an at least equal number of imperialist solidiers. Welcome to White Lotus Dental: At White Lotus Dental our goal is to provide the highest quality dental care in a comfortable, relaxed and friendly environment. ." however it was indirectly responsible because it was the catalyst for the other rebellions that occurred in the future. By 1387, after more than 30 years of war, their leader, Zhu Yuanzhang conquered the North China Plain and occupied the Yuan capital Khanbaliq (present-day Beijing). Administrators also seized and destroyed sectarian scriptures which were used by the religious groups. A CHOICE OUTSTANDING ACADEMIC TITLE The White Lotus War (1796-1804) in central China marked the end of the Qing dynasty's golden age and the fatal weakening of the imperial system itself. [10], The Qing commanders who were sent to repress the rebellion had a difficult time putting down the White Lotus. And so the war was waged. that can be demarcated by a territorial boundary and identified by its distinctive clothing and language. The end of the White Lotus Rebellion in 1804 also brought an end to the myth of the military invincibility of the Manchus, contributing to the increasing frequency of rebellions in the 19th century. Members of the society were not ethnically different from Han Chinese, but subscribed to a belief based on a mixture of Taoism, Buddhism, and Manichaeism. By the mid-19th century, the Qing dynasty had been in power for over a century, and the elites and many of their subjects felt they had a heavenly mandate to remain in power. Beginning as enslavement protests, the eventual rebellion gained growing support and sympathy from many citizens. It apparently began as a tax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society that forecast the advent of the Buddha, advocated restoration of the native Chinese Ming dynasty, and promised personal salvation to its followers. ." The British under Queen Victoria were a huge market for Chinese teas, but the Qing refused to engage in trade negotiations, rather demanding that Britain pay for the tea in gold and silver. Qing rule gradually collapsed during the second half of the 19th century and the early years of the 20th, due to a complicated interplay between internal and external factors. (present perfect, tell). ", in, Zhang Shucai (1992). Corrections? This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/event/White-Lotus-Rebellion, Ancient Origins - The White Lotus Society and the Demise of Mongol Rule in China, GlobalSecurity.org - White Lotus Rebellion 1796-1804. The Last Emperor, 6-year-old Puyi, formally abdicated the throne on Feb. 12, 1912, ending not only the Qing dynasty but China's millennia-long imperial period. By 1387, after more than thirty years of war, their leader, Zhu Yuanzhang had liberated all of China. in, Gaustad, Blaine C. "Prophets and pretenders: inter-sect competition in Qianlong China. Where this rebellion took place and the Qing Empires reaction: Though he passed through an area inhabited by almost a million peasants, his army never measured more than four thousand soldiers, many of whom had been forced into service. One such official was Huang Yupian (), who refuted the ideas which were found in the scriptures which expressed orthodox Confucian and Buddhist views in A Detailed Refutation of Heresy ( Pxi Xingbin), which was written in 1838. Contents 1 Daze Village Uprising 2 Rebellion of the Seven States 3 Llin 4 Chimei 5 Yellow Turban Rebellion 6 Five Pecks of Rice Rebellion 7 An Shi Rebellion 8 Red Turban Rebellion 9 Li Zicheng's Rebellion 10 Revolt of the Three Feudatories Szczepanski, Kallie. The Red Turban Rebellion which took place in 1352, was led by the White Lotus group. The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (1127-1279). Grandmother. A major contribution to the downfall of the last dynasty were external forces, in the form of new Western technologies, as well as a gross miscalculation on the part of the Qing as to the strength of European and Asian imperialistic ambitions. At first the Ch'ing administration, under the control of Ho-shen, sent inadequate and inefficient imperial forces to suppress the ill-organized rebels. In particular, the court marked itself off from its subjects in certain religious, linguistic, ritual, and social characteristics, always presenting themselves as outside conquerors. [11], The tide of the rebellion was turned by Qing leaders relying on the local gentry-raised private militias of Hunan, Hubei and Shaanxi. The White Lotus Rebellion (Chinese: ; pinyin: Chun ch bi lin jio q y, 17941804) was a rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China. It broke out (1796) among impoverished settlers in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan prov. The White Lotus War (1796-1804) in central China marked the end of the Qing dynasty's golden age and the fatal weakening of the imperial system itself. Within the Cite this article tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. Since then, this book has become an invaluable source because it has enabled scholars to understand the beliefs of these groups. Many partisans joined and the society grew rapidly until 1794, when it broke out into the rebellion that subsequently spread over Hupeh and Western China under Liu Cbi-hieh and cast a gloom over the close of the long and brilliant reign of Kien-lung. "White Lotus Rebellion The dynasty had to resort to a strategy of removing all food supplies from the countryside and collecting the peasants into a series of armed stockades. The Emperor Qianlong (Ch'ien-lung) (reigned 173599) sent Helin, brother to the infamously corrupt eunuch Heshen and Fukangan, related by marriage to the Emperor, to quell the uprising. When they congregate and oppose the government, they are rebels; when they disperse and depart, they are civilians once more. After both died in battle in 1796, the Qing government sent new officials, but none were successful. [9] The Qianlong emperor ordered that the Eight Banner armies, whether they had Manchu or Han banners, were not to be used to suppress internal uprisings, so the Qing mainly relied on the Han Chinese Green Standard Army and Han militias in order to suppress rebellions such as the White Lotus. In his opening speech, Satan vows never to "repent or change" (line 969696). . The Qianlong Emperor (r. 173596) sent Helin (, brother of Heshen) and Fuk'anggan to quell the uprising. How might this yearning relate co Milton's mention of "the thought of lost happiness" in lines 545554-555455? [1] A smaller precursor to the main rebellion broke out in 1774, under the leadership of the martial-arts and herbal-healing expert Wang Lun in Shandong province of northern China. The rebellion was ended by the deaths of some 100,000 rebels. The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. . ." Ch'ien-lung (1711-1799) was the fourth emperor of the Ch'ing, or Manchu, dynasty in China. It took nine years of warfare and great loss of life before the rebellion was put down. Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. White Lotus sectarianism appealed to other Chinese, most notably to women and to the poor, who found solace in worship of the Eternal Mother, who was to gather all her children at the millennium into one family. The Qing commanders who were sent to repress the rebellion had a difficult time putting down the White Lotus. [2][3]. [4] The term was only used by the millenarian rebels under intense pressure during government interrogations. Only after 1800 did the Qing government adopt new tactics that established local militias (tuan) to help surround and destroy the White Lotus. https://www.thoughtco.com/fall-of-the-qing-dynasty-195608 (accessed March 4, 2023). The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the 14th century under Mongol rule. [1] A smaller precursor to the main rebellion broke out in 1774, under the leadership of the martial-arts and herbal-healing expert Wang Lun in Shandong province of northern China. ThoughtCo. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Definition 1 / 6 - rebellion began in 1794; rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China - large groups of rebels claiming White Lotus affiliations rose up within the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces After both died in battle in 1796, the Qing government sent new officials, but none were successful. . White Lotus Rebellion, (1796-1804), large-scale uprising in the mountainous regions of central China that contributed to the decline of the Qing dynasty (1644-1911/12). XIX Century Civil Wars. The White Lotus bands mainly used guerrilla tactics, and once they disbanded, they were virtually indistinguishable from the local population. This is a list of major rebellions that have occurred in China from 209 BCE to present times. It broke out in 1794, and was at full height in 1796, among impoverished settlers in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces. BJ Ter Haar has argued that the term "White Lotus" was used primarily by Ming and Qing imperial bureaucrats to disparagingly explain a wide range of unconnected millenarian traditions, rebel movements, and popular religious practices. The Qings were from Manchuria, and they established their dynasty as a conquering force of the Ming dynasty by non-Chinese outsiders, maintaining that identity and organization throughout their 268-year reign. "Civilians Go into Battle: Hired Militias in the White Lotus War, 1796-1805. The group later reemerged in the late 18th century in the form of an inspired Chinese movement. Consequently, a person's actual participation in sectarian activities had no impact on his or her arrest; what really mattered was whether monetary demands were met or not. The White Lotus Rebellion was initiated as an antitax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. The rebellion was ended by the deaths of some 100,000 rebels. The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. . Althongh there were several risings against the Manchu dynasty during the first four reigns, the White Lotus Society kept quiet until about 1761, when the Emperor Kien-lung issued an edict against it and the Ming Tsuen or Illustrious Worthies and the Pah Yun or White Cloud sects. The group later reemerged in the late 18th century in the form of an inspired Chinese movement. "The Fall of China's Qing Dynasty in 19111912." With its weaknesses exposed, China began to lose power over its peripheral regions. "Reluctant guerrillas in early nineteenth century China: the White Lotus insurgents and their suppressors. [6], The Qing commanders sent to repress the rebellion had a difficult time putting down the White Lotus. Nevertheless, where can you catch hints that the -angel longs for his former state? Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. The White Lotus Rebellion White Lotus (Pai-lien chiao) sectarianism appealed to Chinese, most notably to women and to the poor, who found solace in worship of the Eternal Mother who was to gather all her children at the millennium into one family. In 1896, Yan Fu translated Herbert Spencer's treatises on social Darwinism. Actual participation in sect activities had no impact on an arrest; whether or not monetary demands were met, however, did. In 1775, a chief of the White Lotus Society, named Liu Sung, was banished from Anhwei to Kansuh after sending people to the area under pretext of healing diseases by prayer and incantation, to gain adherents to his cause in Western China. Though many movements and rebellions were considered by imperial bureaucrats to have been led by White Lotus Society leaders, there is reason to doubt that the White Lotus Society had any organizational unity. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. It took nine years of warfare and great loss. ThoughtCo, Aug. 27, 2020, thoughtco.com/fall-of-the-qing-dynasty-195608. The White Lotus continued to be active, and it might have influenced the next major domestic rebellion, the Eight Trigrams Uprising of 1813. The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the Jin dynasty founded by Huiyuan in Mountain Lu, Jiujiang. The White Lotus rebellion was an eight year uprising that led to the downfall of the Qing dynasty. Updates? In 1794, a similar movement arose in the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces in central China, initially as a tax protest. [6] The term was only used by the millenarian rebels under intense pressure during government interrogations. Tibet has been an independent country throughout the historical period and since time immemorial according to Tibetans' own myth-based sense of, Xinjiang (shnjyng) or Sinkiang (shnjyng, snkyng) [Chinese,=new frontier], officially Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (Mandarin Xinjiang U, For more information on Chinese history and culture, seeVol. The Red Turban Rebellion which took place in 1352, was led by the White Lotus group. In its last stage, the Qing suppression policy combined the pursuit and extermination of rebel guerrilla bands with a program of amnesty for deserters. White Lotus Rebellion, Chinese anti-Manchu uprising that occurred during the Ch'ing dynasty. . White Lotus Rebellion, Chinese anti-Manchu uprising that occurred during the Ch'ing dynasty. [5] According to Ter Haar, it is clear that the "White Lotus" rebels of the uprisings that occurred between 1796 and 1804 did not voluntarily use the term "White Lotus" to refer to themselves or their movement. The White Lotus Rebellion Another important rebellion launched by members of the White Lotus Society was the White Lotus Rebellion . France seized Southeast Asia, creating its colony of French Indochina. This book has since become an invaluable source in understanding the beliefs of these groups. Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). He declared that to prevent the capture of the young prince when a child, he had fled with him and concealed him beyond the borders of China. . However, the rulers were afraid that White Lotus Society might menace their rules. The rebels are all our own subjects. Then a turn of fortune and successive victories of the imperialists would almost annihilate their armies and crush all their hopes. As one Qing official complained:[6], "The rebels are all our own subjects. The White Lotus peasant rebellion broke out in 1795 (White Lotus was the name of a secret society that had first fought against the Mongols). In 1794, one instance of a derivative sect of the White Lotus, the Eight Trigrams arose in the form of underground meditation teachings and practice in Shandong province, not far from Beijing (Zhili) near the city of Linqing. During much of that time, China was the single, undisputed superpower in East Asia, with neighboring lands such as Korea, Vietnam, and an often-reluctant Japan trailing in its cultural wake. By that time, however, the regular government forces were too ridden with corruption to be of any use. Dream Homes of Texas on Instagram: "POV: Your Brand New Ultra-Luxury Build in Frisco, Texas by the prestigious @monaco_pinnacle Follow @americas_realtor fore more luxury" The White Lotus rebellion began when large groups of Chinese rioted in 1794. It apparently began as a tax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society that forecast the advent . Main article: White Lotus Rebellion Beginning in 1794, two decades after Wang Lun's failed uprising, a movement also arose in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan from Hubei and Shaanxi in central China as tax protests. This took place during the Qing Dynasty, and lasted from 1796 to 1804. This rebellion wasn't the direct down fall of the Qing dynasty. The White Lotus led impoverished slaves to freedom, promising personal salvation in return for their loyalty. Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. _____ us amazing stories about her youth in Hong Kong. The feared Manchu banners, since their conquests of the early 1700s, showed they were no longer a military force of much value, and the emperor had to recruit a new army made up of Chinese militia. The young pretender, Wang Fa-sheng, was never any other than a puppet in the hands of the leaders. Rapid and often reckless development of the Shensi uplands, however, often led to soil erosion, rapid loss of fertility, and declining crop output. After more than 2,000 years, though, Chinese imperial power under the last Chinese dynasty was about to collapse for good. The end of the White Lotus Rebellion in 1804 also brought an end to the myth of military invincibility of the Manchu, perhaps contributing to the greater frequency of rebellions in the 19th century. Asia for Educators, Columbia University, 2009. Having attained the Mandate of Heaven and the status of Emperor, Zhu Yuanzhang named his period of reign "Hongwu" (thus he was known as the Hongwu Emperor) and founded a new dynasty the Ming dynasty. Since then, this book has become an invaluable source because it has enabled scholars to understand the beliefs of these groups. When the Manchu tribes of Manchuria (now Northeast China) conquered China some 500 years later in the 17th century and proclaimed the Qing dynasty, the White Lotus members dedicated themselves to the overthrow of the alien Manchu and to the return of the previous Ming dynasty (13681644). Beginning as tax protests, the eventual rebellion gained growing support and sympathy from many ordinary people. The rebellion grew in number and power and eventually, into a serious concern for the government. In its last stage, the Qing suppression policy combined pursuit and extermination of rebel guerrilla bands with a program of amnesty for deserters.