Click here to review the details. Types of fingerprint patterns.ppt - Types of fingerprint patterns LoopUlnar and Radial 1. Numerator: Right thumb value (finger 1) Denominator: Left thumb (finger 6) Position: placed immediately to the left of the primary classification column. According to them, the females fingerprint is characterized by a high RTVTR, while the males fingerprint is characterized by low RTVTR. the value for the primary classification is 1/1. The preprocessor smoothes and thresholds the image. what if all the the fingerprints is ulnar loop? Free access to premium services like Tuneln, Mubi and more. Article (Note 8): Second Sub Secondary Classification of Fingerprint-> When to Use-> How they align on Henry Line-> Procedure-> WorksheetCheck Now: Second SubSecondary Classification of Fingerprint. This item is part of a JSTOR Collection. exactly at the point where the imaginary line. Estimation of ridge count. http://www.dermatoglyphics.com/sof/. Whorls - 35% Whorls - 35% a. The American Biology Teacher Primary Classification A numerical system of classifying a full set of prints based on the whorl pattern. The fraction thus obtained is the primary classification of fingerprint. The fingerprints are the friction ridges that are developed on the palm side of thumb and fingers. As the fingerprint becomes the main part of policing and forensic science works. Ridge counting-and-tracing. [4], and the proposed method (age group of 1925). Pressure-Based Sensors Principle when a finger is placed over the sensor area, only the ridges of the Fingerprint come in contact with the sensor piezo array pressure sensors generate a 1-bit binary image 14 Pressure Based Sensors Works well with Dry as well as Wet skin Larger Sensing Area 15 Ultra Sound Based Sensors Use High Frequency Sound Waves Activity 3. Ridges are common between two hilltops, such as between Kanturk and Scarr. In henry classification, primary classification all the fingerprints are divided into 1024 groups. Article (Note1): Primary Classification of Fingerprints-> Rules-> Easy Way to Learn Pair Values [Image]-> Why 1 is added-> How Primary Values arranged in the FBI database-> Why Other Classifications Also NeedCheck Now: Primary Classification of Fingerprint: Rules, Procedure And Worksheet. Where the line crosses an. Fingerprint Factoid: 60% of people have loops, 35% have whorls, and 5% have arches * Characteristics of Fingerprints Forensic examiners look for Core (the center of a whorl or loop) Deltas (triangular regions near a loop) Ridge count Counting from the core to the edge of the delta Distinguishes one fingerprint from another * Characteristics of . Int J Comput Sci Issues 9(3):274282, Gnanasivam P, Muttan S (2012) Singular value decomposition based fingerprint gender classification. Patterns: Loops and Whorls. It will be represented in the form of numerical fraction. Ridge count The micro features of a fingerprint are made up of minutia points. 1: The Arch. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. 2. What are various methods available for deploying a Windows application? coding for ridge count. What is ridge counting and ridge tracing? In Image #3 at the right, there is a line drawn between the delta and core. From the results shown in Table7, it is observed that the OSA method results (age group 1925 years) are good individually for male and female. Thus, FTS scores are computed individually for male (4030 samples) and female (4100 samples) of all the internal databases and shown in Table4. To enable this, an imaginary line is drawn between core and delta at 135 (referred to as the principal diagonal) and 45 (referred to as the other diagonal) as shown in Fig. The sum of these two scores is calculated for male and female. If the finger has a whorl, the following value is going to be assigned.Know how to calculate the Primary Classification Number of Fingerprint?Rt Thumb (1)16Rt Index (2)16Rt Middle(3)8Rt Ring (4)8Rt Little (5)4Lt Thumb (6)4Lt Index (7)2Lt Middle (8)2Lt Ring (9)1Lt Little (10)1Sponsored Linksif(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'forensicreader_com-leader-3','ezslot_8',705,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-forensicreader_com-leader-3-0'); In the case of fingerprints other than whorls such as loops and arches, the value is assigned to be 0. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. Ridge density in a particular space was used to classify gender using fingerprint and further demonstrated that the females have a higher ridge density compared with males. Fingerprint Patterns and Ridge Characteristics There are three main types of fingerprint patterns with several subgroups of patterns: 1. if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[320,50],'forensicreader_com-medrectangle-3','ezslot_1',125,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-forensicreader_com-medrectangle-3-0');More precisely, these six divisions with extensions are referred to as FBI modified Henry fingerprint classification system. Fragments and dots are counted as. Ridges are common between two hilltops, such as between Kanturk and Scarr. called the total ridge count (TRC), the sum of the ridge counts for all 10 fingers. No two individual posses same ridge characteristics. An internal database consisting of fingerprints of 403 males and 410 females is used to test the method. Every criminal uses his hands for the commission of crime. FCM, LDA, and NN classifiers were used for gender classification. Therefore, it is used as purpose for personal identification. You should check our dedicated article on how to fill 10-digit fingerprint cards with rules. The fingerprint samples were collected from the subjects residing in various parts of Tamil Nadu, India. In whorl pattern, ridge tracing will be done. A white space must always intervene between the delta and the first ridge to be counted. Have u ever tried external professional writing services like www.HelpWriting.net ? By accepting, you agree to the updated privacy policy. Loop patterns account for 60-65 . Instant access to millions of ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, podcasts and more. Scores for the remaining FTS are determined by Eq. By whitelisting SlideShare on your ad-blocker, you are supporting our community of content creators. Your email address will not be published. Plain arches b. Tented arches 2. While classification, as stated earlier, these small letters appear next to the secondary capital letters. Kralk M, Novotny V (2003) Epidermal ridge breadth: an indicator of age and sex in paleodermatoglyphics. Here, a maximum score of 10 is assigned for each RC. chemistry. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. They used a dataset of 400 fingerprints (200 males and 200 females) of Indian origin in the age group of 1860years. By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. The software system includes digitizer, preprocessor and counter subsystems. In the early 1900s, the system was no longer effective for the effective searching of fingerprints. For example. Ridge patterns exhibit many properties that reflect the biology of individuals. Secretions stick to unique ridge patterns on skin, 1902 first murder solved using fingerprints, 2007 Department of Homeland Security has 63 million records, Treated with powders or chemicals enhance ridge pattern, Prints can be formed through surgical gloves, Prints left on the inside of gloves can be lifted, Whorls occur in 25% of fingerprint patterns, IAFIS (Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System) can search back 99 years, Can search 47 million set of prints in 30 minutes, AFIS searches for a biometric pattern not a fingerprint! For an arch, the ridge count is 0. Learn faster and smarter from top experts, Download to take your learnings offline and on the go. Ridge Counting c. Ridge tracing. What if the traced ridge ends without reaching the right side? FINGERPRINT PATTERNS A fingerprint is a sway left by the friction ridges, Lip Prints are the characteristics pattern formed by the numerous elevations and, There are 3 types of fingerprint that are present in the crime, In incident of mass disaster, and in many cases of homicide and, Importance of Burnt Remains It has been estimated that arsonist causes almost, A drug can be defined as a natural or synthetic substance that, Narcotics and dangerous drugs can be categorized by the effect. Two examples are shown in the Table5. For the fingerprint image I for which gender is to be identified, scores are assigned for ridge count and fingertip assuming that the given image is male. PERMANENCE: a fingerprint is permanent and unchangeable during lifetime. Performance evaluation is made with the earlier findings of the author and other methods. On fifth pair, value is 1. Activate your 30 day free trialto unlock unlimited reading. Article (Note 7): Henry Key Classification of Fingerprint-> Rules to follow-> Why little finger excluded-> Procedure-> WorksheetCheck Now: How to Calculate Key Classification of Fingerprint With Images. . The main reason behind this is that fingerprint is unique and unchanging through the lifetime. Plain Arch Raised ridges characterize this pattern and they extend from one side of the finger to the other in a continuous fashion. Now, the score is calculated as follows. In the 1920s, the FBI establishes its fingerprint identification division, which eventually leads to the addition of two more divisions to the original Henry system. From the above 10-digit fingerprint card, the common interpretation is: All the fingerprints are patent on their respective position on the fingerprint card. Clipping is a handy way to collect important slides you want to go back to later. On second pair, value is 8. Secondary Classification: 3. In biometrics and fingerprint scanning, core point refers to the central area of a fingerprint. Fingertip size is measured as another parameter to find gender. EURSIP J Appl Sig Process 4:495502, Acree AM (1999) Is there a gender difference in fingerprint ridge density. Primary Classification: Specific allotted value based on prints of whorl pattern. Approximately 255 of population have 1/1 value, it means all their fingers have arch or loop. Simply click, and the calculator will do the rest. The SlideShare family just got bigger. always intervene between the delta and the first In this classification, the pattern present on the left index and right index finger will be considered. They are universal. When you find it place a dot at the farthest corner of it. CLASSIFIABLE : as the fingerprints have different patterns such as loops, whorls, and arches. Using the PDF document titled Fingerprint Individualization Exercises Answer Key, advisors should review each exercise with the participants prior to allowing them to proceed to the next exercise. Part of Springer Nature. $$, $$ {\text{RC score }} = \, \frac{{{\text{Occurrence \% of a particular RC}}}}{{{\text{Maximum occurence \% }}}} \times 100. For an unknown fingerprint, different scores are assigned for RC and FTS for male and female. In: The international conference on image processing. Ridge counts were determined for all 8130 fingerprints of 403 male and 410 female fingerprints and analyzed. Comparing both values, gender is declared. 5, 343352 (2019). The gender of the unknown fingerprint I is declared as male if IMS>IFS, and otherwise declared as female. Their fingerprint patterns and ridge counts were compared with equal number of healthy age-matched control subjects (40 each) of both sexes. Article (Note 9): Special Loop Extension of Fingerprint Classification-> When to Use-> How they align on Henry Line-> Procedure-> WorksheetCheck Now: Special loop extension of fingerprint With Worksheet. The Perks of Technology in Communication.pdf. School Community College of Rhode Island Course Title LAWS MISC Uploaded By ChancellorRam3100 Pages 10 This preview shows page 1 - 10 out of 10 pages. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. Sci Mon 52(5):389402, Nithin MD, Manjunatha B, Preethi DS, Balaraj BM (2011) Gender differentiation by finger ridge count among south Indian population. how to fill 10-digit fingerprint cards with rules. [4] compared RTVTR, ridge count, white lines count, ridge count asymmetry and pattern type concordance as features. Frequency domain analysis of fingerprint [11] for the identification of gender produces a good classification rate. We've updated our privacy policy. ridge to be counted. The maximum success rate attained is 88.41% for the age group 1825years and a good success rate of 90.11% is achieved for the right hand ring finger. As the loop contain 1 delta and 1 core. Eur J Sci Res 59(2):191199, Samta Gupta, Prabhakar Rao A (2014) Fingerprint based gender classification using discrete wavelet transform & artificial neural network. Ridge Feature Recognition; Ridge Counting; Charted Enlargement (Loop) Charted Enlargement (Whorl) Charted Enlargement (Arch) IMPORTANT! Ulnar loop (U) and Whorls (W) are indicated by a hyphen (-), ridge counting or tracing performed for loops and whorls, respectively that are. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. The process of ridge tracing starts from the left delta towards the right delta and determines the no, of ridges traces between them to have 3 subdivisions inner (I), meet (M), outer (O). These can be seen in almost 60 to 70% of the fingerprints that are encountered. Pattern Recognit 33(1):6980, Maltoni D, Maio D, Jain AK, Prabhakar S (2003) Handbook of fingerprint recognition, 1st edn. Pattern Recognit 37(11):22332243, Gu J, Zhou J (2003) A novel model for orientation field of fingerprints. 1. Also, it is found that dermatoglyphic features differ statistically between the sexes, ethnic groups and age categories. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. What are the rules in Ridge tracing? Basically, the fingerprints are categorized as (a) tented arch, (b) left loop, (c) right loop, (d) whorl, (e) plain arch, (f) central pocket, (g) twin loops and (h) accidents. For fingerprints of the left hand, the square is . Except the plain arch [14], each type has one or more core and delta points referred to as singular points. (6). (5). This paper demonstrates the identification of gender using the spatial parameters of the fingerprint. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 20(8):777789, Kovacs-Vajna MZ, Rovatti R, Frazzoni M (2000) Fingerprint ridge distance computation methodologies. Int J Adv Comput Sci Appl 7(6):275279, Modi KS, Elliott SJ, Whetsone J, Kim H (2007) Impact of age groups on fingerprint recognition performance. The singular point area is defined as a region where the ridge curvature is higher than normal and where the direction of the ridge changes rapidly [15]. The individuality is not based number, but also have the relative locations to one another in the prints. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in By accepting, you agree to the updated privacy policy. where RCM and FTSM are the respective scores of ridge count and fingertip size assigned for male fingerprints. Represented by (n). These are called level 1 details. Table7 shows only the overall classification rate obtained by Badawi et al. Numbers from 8-16 have suggest to meet the criteria of the individuality. These three patterns helps to classify the prints in all ten fingerprint classification. An extensive analysis of both parameters was done and it is found that all the values obtained are greater for male than female. In the proposed method, instead of considering counting only between the core and delta, an effort is taken to count the ridges of the entire fingertip. (40) females with primary infertility/primary amenorrhoea. After values of all 10 fingers are obtained, 1 is added to both the nominator and denominator. It is demonstrated that the males have a higher ridge breadth than females [1]. We published on topics on fingerprints, questioned documents, forensic medicine, toxicology, physical evidence, and related case studies. To match a print, the analyst uses the minutiae, or ridge characteristics, to identify specific points on a suspect fingerprint with the same information in a . Google Scholar, Gnanasivam P, Muttan S (2011) Gender identification using fingerprint through frequency domain analysis. 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. And they are listed in the order of their occurrence. Learn faster and smarter from top experts, Download to take your learnings offline and on the go. Finger ridge count (an index of the size of the fingerprint pattern) has been used as a model trait for the study of human quantitative genetics for over 80 years. In Henrys fingerprint classification system, there are 6 main divisions with 3 common extensions. The following is the overview of how (a step-by-step) guide on how you can fill the henry 10-digit card. As an overall result, the classification rate achieved is 88.41%. This article is made possible because of the efforts of Anuwanshi Sharma. Accessed Nov 2018, Gnanasivam P, Muttan S (2012) Fingerprint gender classification using wavelet transform and singular value decomposition. Details of finger-wise ridge count for male and female and the most common count are presented in Table 1. In the future, the fingerprint data obtained in the present study, which are stored as PDF files, and the free software RIDGECOUNTER [24] can be used to analyse quantitative dermatoglyphic. Based on the ridge count of the left thumbprint, the right thumb designation can be determined based on the conversion chart. This method of gender identification will be helpful in short listing the suspects and victims from crime scenes and improves the performance of a system which is used for person recognition and human computer interfaces. A maximum score of 10 is assigned for this RC. In this section, we have summarized the prior researches in gender classification. The pattern of the epidermal ridges on our fingers, palms and soles, the first colloquially called fingerprints, is part of our every-day life. On fourth pair, value is 2. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. $$, $$ {\text{RC}} (=\,2 5 ) {\text{ score }} = \, \frac{ 3. ridge count has often been used to increase reliability of analysis ; Ridge count is an abstract measurement of the distances between any two points in a fingerprint image ; Typically used in forensic matching ; 39 Summary of the chapter. It is used when the sub secondary classification ridge counting and ridge tracing is done and is based on the ulnar loop, composites, whorls, accidental and double loop is present in the middle and ring fingers. For example, as in Table4, FTS=400 has its occurrence percentage as 2.8780. ridges in the immediate pattern. Check how you can easily calculate sub-secondary classification numbers easily. Best Answer. Comment yourFOR EDUCATION PURPOSES ONLY#CRIMINOLOGYREVIEW #BOARDEXAM#PRIMARYCLASSIFICATION#SECONDARYCLASSFICATION#SUBSECONDARYCLASSFICATION#MAJORCLASSIFICATION#FINALCLASSIFICATION#KEYCLASSIFICATION #TRENDING#CLEBOARDEXAM#LAWENFORCEMENTADMINISTRATION#CORRECTIONALADMINISTRATION#CRIMINOLOGISTLICENSUREEXAMINATION #CRIMEDETECTIONANDINVESTIGATION#SOCIOLOGY #CLJ #CRIMINALLAW#NAPOLCOMREVIEW #CIVILSERVICESREVIEW#FINGERPRINT #Fingerprintclassification #FingerprintDactyloscopy #Dactyloscopy #Dactylography #PersonalIdentification #Primaryclassification #Primarydivision #SecondaryClassification #Secondarydivision #Sub-secondary #Classification #Sub-secondary #division #Majorclassification #Majordivision #Finalclassification #Finaldivision #Keyclassification #Keydivision #Criminalistics #Criminology #CriminologyReviewer #Criminologyfingerprint #Criminology #Review #Loop #Arch #WhorlMusic used, thanks to: IksonmusicPlease do support IksonMusicMusician: @iksonmusichttps://m.soundcloud.com/iksonhttps://www.instagram.com/iksonmusic/https://m.facebook.com/iksonmusic The fingerprint patterns and ridge counts were evaluated using a computer based Hp Scanjet scanner and AutoCAD computer software. Finger ridge count (an index of the size of the fingerprint pattern) has been used as a model trait for the study of human quantitative genetics for over 80 years. Ridge count of the Loop and Ridge Tracing of the Whorl from Index, Middle and Ring Fingers. Now customize the name of a clipboard to store your clips. island, both sides are counted. On the fingertips three main pattern types are discriminated: whorls, loops and arches (see Fig. b. Ridge counting. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. Know More. Each issue features reviews of books, classroom technology products, and "Biology Today." It is characterized by almost parallel ridges that form distinguishable configurations. $$, $$ {\text{Occurence percentage of RC }} = \, \frac{{{\text{No}} . The ridge counting of the loop and ridge tracing of the whorl pattern is consider. It is proved by various researchers that a fingerprint can be processed for sex determination [1, 3, 4]. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Arch patterns can be further categorized into two subgroups: a. On third pair value is 4. The scanned image is of the size 300 260. The Fingkey Hamster II scanner is used for sample collection. Fingerprints Swaroop Sonone 1.2k views Sample Sample Pattern Area training Module Rmcauley 6.5k views Similar to Ridge counting-and-tracing (17) Ac1.5aPostulates Wissahickon High School, Ambler, PA 19002 2k views Geometry basics better view avdheshtripathi2 64 views Lines and angles Soumya Sankar Modak 139.2k views Modern Geometry Topics In the proposed method, instead of considering counting only between the core and delta, an effort is taken to count the ridges of the entire fingertip. Why does the original fingerprint division need modification? We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. (3), the score for RC=25 is calculated as follows. If fingerprint is of the right hand, the square is placed at the upper left of the core. The fingertips, palms, and soles can sometimes create a transfer of these patterns when they come into contact with surfaces and objects. What is ridge counting and how it is done? Click here to review the details. The fingertip size of all the internal database fingerprints is calculated using MATLAB. Also, the traditional spectral analysis method was realized and a novel statistical method was presented for ridge distance estimation [8]. The use of fingerprints in identification is not perfect because a) The current technology depends on humans to input and analyze the information, and humans make mistakes b) Many people have the same exact . 2. Pattern Recognit 26(7):10471055, Hoover JE (2006) The Science of fingerprints classification and uses. Variations in ridge parameters for male and female are found statistically [1, 2]. Badawi et al. Considering I as the male fingerprint, the total score IMS is calculated by Eq. The ridge count on a finger with a loop is deter-mined by counting the number of ridges between the triradius and the center or core of the pattern. Request Permissions, Gordon Mendenhall, Thomas Mertens and Jon Hendrix, Published By: University of California Press. Performance evaluation was done with the methods tested and the earlier methods by other researchers. There are 3 main extensions of the Henry classification system. This method produced a success rate of 88.41% and 90.11% is achieved for the right hand ring finger. present on the index, middle, and ring fingers. the recurve is included in the ridge count only when the delta is located below a line drawn at right angles to the spike. #SUB-SECONDARY #RIDGECOUNTING #RIDGETRACINGTIPS \u0026 COMPLIMENT - 09157105941GCASHRIDGE COUNTING \u0026 RIDGE TRACING OF FINGERPRINT [Sub-secondary Classification]FOR CRIMINOLOGY PURPOSESANOTHER VIDEO FOR SUB SECONDARY DIVISIONPS: HANAPIN NYO NALANG SA POST KO YUNG PRIMARY AND SECONDARY CLASSIFICATION MALAKING TULONG ITO SAINYODerived by ridge counting of loop and ridge tracing of whorl found in the index, middle and ring only. Like others, ridge counting values of the right hand are placed in the numerator and left hand in the denominator. 4. The number, relative location and identity of the characteristics impart individuality to a fingerprint. Nutant loop: in this pattern the loop is in the appearance of sickle cell and bends near the core of the delta. The process of counting the ridges that touch or Are O fragments and dots counted as ridges? This friction skin consists of series of lines corresponding to hills are ridges and valleys are grooves. Activate your 30 day free trialto continue reading. subscribe to our blog for regular updates. The program yields semi-automated ridge counts and logs the location of the user-selected core and delta points to aid in the training of new researchers and ensure the repeatability of count. When whorls appear in the thumbs the major division reflects the whorl tracings just as the secondary does, used Inner, Meeting & Outer or I, M, & O. Calculate small letter values for the Henry fingerprint system. Why pandemics and climate change are hard to understand and make decision mak INDT Tokens Pegged to the British Pound Sterling, Graviton Migration on AWS - Achieve cost efficiency, Presentations_E-labeling Workshop_SOM12023.pdf, Buy A France VPS Server from France Servers for High Performance. A detailed analysis of RC and FTS was carried out in the previous section. What is ridge counting in fingerprint? The average fingerprints have as many as 150 ridge characteristics. She writes a part of this blog post. S.Revathi and T.Naveena Assistant Professor, Erode Sengunthar Engineering College . JavaScript khng c bt trong trnh duyt ca bn, v vy khng th m tp nay. In a fingerprint card, there is a specific layout and position of each finger of the hand. In this section, singular points detection, ridge count and fingertip size measurements are elaborated. Major Classification: Ridge counts or trace values of loops and whorls on the thumbs. View Fingerprint-reviewer.ppt from BSCRIM 123 at University of La Salette - Main - Santiago City, Isabela. Delta 3. Terms used in Fingerprint Technology. It does not store any personal data. 1). By adding a degree of bias to the regression estimates, ridge regression reduces the standard errors. Distance The ridge count Relative orientation of each surrounding minutiae with the central one. Rules in Ridge Tracing When the deltas have been located, the tracingstarts on the ridge emanating from the lower side or point of the left delta until the point nearest or opposite the right delta is reached. This is the highest occurrence in comparison with other RC counts. From Table1, it is identified that the minimum as well as the maximum RC are greater for male than female. Instant access to millions of ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, podcasts and more. The primary classification values caries from 1/1 to 32/32. (4) and tabulated in Table4. Using the ridge thickness to valley thickness ratio (RTVTR) and white lines count features [4], gender was classified. Ridge distance measurement is vital for robust performance of an automated fingerprint identification system (AFIS) irrespective of quality of the images [7]. Values: Ridge tracing and Ridge counting. Fingerprint Matching Chapter 4, sections 4.4-4.8 Handbook of fingerprint recognition & . Given two points in the fingerprint image, the present ridge count process determines the length of the line (or bar) joining the points in terms of number of ridge distances, i.e., the number of times . A ridge is a line of high ground, with the land dropping away on either side. RIDGE TRACING ( WHORL ) - counting the ridges intervening between tracing ridge and the right delta of whorl. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Characteristics. If there is whorl pattern found on the thumb then ridge tracing will be done. With a ruler connect the dots and . Thus, the proposed method achieves better results than all the methods discussed.