Woolly Mammoth Fossil tooth with roots. Adult woolly mammoths could effectively defend themselves from predators with their tusks, trunks and size, but juveniles and weakened adults were vulnerable to pack hunters such as wolves, cave hyenas, and large felines. Large male At the time of writing, the highest bid was $7,300 (more than 5.5 lakh). The first Siberian ivory to reach western Europe was brought to London in 1611. The chewing surface and roots are nicely preserved. The tusks grew by 2.515cm (0.985.91in) each year. The composition and exact varieties differed from location to location. [110][111][112][113] However, ancient genetic evidence supports the existence of small mainland populations that died out at around the same time as their island counterparts; two studies in 2021 found that based on eDNA, mammoths survived in the Yukon until about 5,700 years ago, roughly concurrent with the St. Paul population, and on the Taymyr Peninsula of Siberia until 3,900 to 4,100 years ago, roughly concurrent with the Wrangel population. [114][115], DNA sequencing of remains of two mammoths, one from Siberia 44,800 years BP and one from Wrangel Island 4,300 years BP, indicates two major population crashes: one around 280,000 years ago from which the population recovered, and a second about 12,000 years ago, near the ice age's end, from which it did not. [173][174][175] Observers have interpreted legends from several Native American peoples as containing folk memory of extinct elephants, though other scholars are skeptical that folk memory could survive such a long time. One third of a replica of the mammoth in the Museum of Zoology of St. Petersburg is covered in skin and hair of the "Berezovka mammoth". Posted September 12, 2011 That is an exceptional tooth with very little wear on the crown and pretty complete roots. I could see it going for as high as $500-$600 online and $750 in a quality fossil shop. "Scientist takes mammoth-cloning a step closer", "Essays on Science and Society: Pleistocene Park: Return of the Mammoth's Ecosystem", "Woolly mammoth could be revived after scientists paste DNA into elephant's genetic code", "Woolly mammoths are being brought back from extinction by scientists", "Could Austin entrepreneur's company help bring back the woolly mammoth? The woolly mammoth has been mostly extinct for 10,000 years, with the final vestigial populations surviving until about 4,000 years ago. [116] The Wrangel Island mammoths were isolated for 5000 years by rising post-ice-age sea level, and resultant inbreeding in their small population of about 300 to 1000 individuals[117] led to a 20%[118] to 30%[119] loss of heterozygosity, and a 65% loss in mitochondrial DNA diversity. Mammoth Teeth Mammoth Teeth for Sale Mammoth Teeth Mammoth Tooth $79.00 Sold out Juvenile Woolly Mammoth Tooth $399.00 Sold out Mammoth Tooth Section $159.00 Mammoth Tooth $169.00 Displayed Mammoth Tooth $79.00 Mammoth Tooth Section $125.00 Woolly Mammoth Tooth $125.00 Large Woolly Mammoth Tooth $599.00 Mammoth Tooth Section #Mts-7-a14 $85.00 Another feature shown in cave paintings was confirmed by the discovery of a frozen specimen in 1924, an adult nicknamed the "Middle Kolyma mammoth", which was preserved with a complete trunk tip. Other notable caves with mammoth depictions are the Chauvet Cave, Les Combarelles Cave, and Font-de-Gaume. [137] In more recent years, scientific expeditions have been devoted to finding carcasses instead of relying solely on chance encounters. A male woolly mammoth's shoulder height was 9 to 11 feet tall and weighed around 6 tons. The name mastodon literally means "breast tooth," referring to the the "nipple"-shaped bumps along the top edges of these animals' teeth. Mammoth Quick Facts. It is a tooth of a sub-adult mammoth which lived in the late Pleistocene Ice Age some 20,000 plus years ago. Up until now, the oldest DNA to have been extracted and studied came from a horse that had been frozen in the permafrost for 700,000 years. Mammoths are closely related to present-day Asian elephants (Elephas maximus), and these groups broke away from their last common ancestor about six million years ago. In 1999, this 20,380-year-old carcass and 25 tons of surrounding sediment were transported by an Mi-26 heavy lift helicopter to an ice cave in Khatanga. This is a complete tooth with rich red colors. The ridges were wear-resistant to enable the animal to chew large quantities of food, which often contained grit. [133] Despite the rewards, native Yakuts were also reluctant to report mammoth finds to the authorities due to bad treatment of them in the past. It was similar to the grassy steppes of modern Russia, but the flora was more diverse, abundant, and grew faster. [161][162] If any method is ever successful, a suggestion has been made to introduce the hybrids to a wildlife reserve in Siberia called the Pleistocene Park. [17] The following cladogram shows the placement of the genus Mammuthus among other proboscideans, based on characteristics of the hyoid bone in the neck:[18] [36] Though the mammoths on Wrangel Island were smaller than those of the mainland, their size varied, and they were not small enough to be considered "island dwarfs". The Woolly Mammoth is a limited rare pet that was released in Adopt Me! No one would be much interested in the saber-toothed tiger if it were just an unusually big cat. [8][16], The earliest known members of the Proboscidea, the clade which contains modern elephants, existed about 55 million years ago around the Tethys Sea. Woolly mammoths were the same size as today's African elephants. [124] The woolly mammoths of eastern Beringia (modern Alaska and Yukon) had similarly died out about 13,300 years ago, soon (roughly 1000 years) after the first appearance of humans in the area, which parallels the fate of all the other late Pleistocene proboscids (mammoths, gomphotheres, and mastodons), as well as most of the rest of the megafauna, of the Americas. .mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.1em;padding:0 0.15em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0 0.15em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}, Palaeoloxodon (straight-tusked elephants), Within six weeks from 2005-2006, three teams of researchers independently assembled mitochondrial genome profiles of the woolly mammoth from ancient DNA, which allowed them to confirm the close evolutionary relationship between mammoths and Asian elephants (Elephas maximus). The appearance and behaviour of this species are among the best studied of any prehistoric animal because of the discovery of frozen carcasses in Siberia and North America, as well as skeletons, teeth, stomach contents, dung, and depiction from life in prehistoric cave paintings. SHELDON, Iowa (KCAU) A woolly mammoth tooth was found in early March on the property owned by Northwest Iowa Community College (NCC) in Sheldon. Today, more than 500 depictions of woolly mammoths are known, in media ranging from cave paintings and engravings on the walls of 46 caves in Russia, France, and Spain to engravings and sculptures (termed "portable art") made from ivory, antler, stone and bone. The woolly mammoth, scientific name Mammuthus primigenius, is related to the modern African and Asian elephants. Its skull was high and domelike, with large downward-directed curved tusks. The hairs on the upper leg were up to 38cm (15in) long, and those of the feet were 15cm (5.9in) long, reaching the toes. [25] In 2012, proteins were confidently identified for the first time, collected from a 43,000-year-old woolly mammoth. The two-fingered tip of the trunk was probably adapted for picking up the short grasses of the last ice age (Quaternary glaciation, 2.58 million years ago to present) by wrapping around them, whereas modern elephants curl their trunks around the longer grass of their tropical environments. Many mammoth carcasses may have been scavenged by humans rather than hunted. About 1.4 million DNA nucleotide differences were found between mammoths and elephants, which affect the sequence of more than 1,600 proteins. The word was first used in Europe during the early 17th century, when referring to maimanto tusks discovered in Siberia. [4], Others interpreted Sloane's conclusion slightly differently, arguing the flood had carried elephants from the tropics to the Arctic. Unlike the trunk lobes of modern elephants, the upper "finger" at the tip of the trunk had a long pointed lobe and was 10cm (3.9in) long, while the lower "thumb" was 5cm (2.0in) and was broader. The museum denied the story. How much is a mammoth tusk worth? [64][146] By cutting a section through a molar and analysing its growth lines, they found that the animal had died at the age of one month. Extinct species of mammoth from the Quaternary period, Head of the adult male "Yukagir mammoth"; the trunk is not preserved, Various prehistoric depictions of woolly mammoths, including, Artifacts made from woolly mammoth ivory; The. [185] The Swedish writer Bengt Sjgren suggested in 1962 that the myth began when the American biologist Charles Haskins Townsend travelled in Alaska, saw Inuit trading mammoth tusks, asked if mammoths were still living in Alaska, and provided them with a drawing of the animal. These features were not present in juveniles, which had convex backs like Asian elephants. The colour of the coat varied from dark to light. on October 10, 2020. [99][100], Most woolly mammoth populations disappeared during the late Pleistocene and mid-Holocene,[101] alongside most of the Pleistocene megafauna (including the Columbian mammoth). They grew between eight and 11 feet tall and could weigh approximately 13,000. [76], Distortion in the molars is the most common health problem found in woolly mammoth fossils. A construction worker with a lifelong interest in pre-historic animals found a woolly mammoth tooth at a site in in Iowa. Woolly mammoth bones were made into various tools, furniture, and musical instruments. This is almost as large as extant male African elephants, which commonly reach a shoulder height of 33.4m (9.811.2ft), and is less than the size of the earlier mammoth species M. meridionalis and M. trogontherii, and the contemporary M. columbi. [88], The woolly mammoth is the third-most depicted animal in ice age art, after horses and bison, and these images were produced between 35,000 and 11,500 years ago. beautiful Fossil Tooth of a Woolly Mammoth! Mammoth's go through a maximum of six sets of teeth as they mature. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. [64], In 2012, a juvenile was found in Siberia, which had man-made cut marks. Mammoths are not elephants. [61] Isotope analysis shows that woolly mammoths fed mainly on C3 plants, unlike horses and rhinos. [24] The team mapped the woolly mammoth's nuclear genome sequence by extracting DNA from the hair follicles of both a 20,000-year-old mammoth retrieved from permafrost and another . [137] While frozen woolly mammoth carcasses had been excavated by Europeans as early as 1728, the first fully documented specimen was discovered near the delta of the Lena River in 1799 by Ossip Schumachov, a Siberian hunter. Dark bands correspond to summers, so determining the season in which a mammoth died is possible. [12], By the early 20th century, the taxonomy of extinct elephants was complex. Woolly mammoths may have used their tusks as shovels to clear snow from the ground and reach the vegetation buried below, and to break ice to drink. Courtesy The Inn at Honey Run. The youngest fossils of the mainland population are from the Kyttyk Peninsula of Siberia and date to 9,650 years ago. Only its molars are known, which show that it had 810 enamel ridges. They are also not as common. Several methods have been proposed to achieve this. Mammoth & Mastodon Shark Teeth By Species. $175.00 + $25.00 shipping. [180] According to one of the more famous stories, members of The Explorers Club dined on meat of a frozen mammoth from Alaska in 1951. $145.00. In turn, this species was replaced by the steppe mammoth (M. trogontherii) with 1820 ridges, which evolved in eastern Asia around 1 million years ago. A large sample. Adams brought all to the Zoological Museum of the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, and the task of mounting the skeleton was given to Wilhelm Gottlieb Tilesius. [149] "Lyuba" is believed to have been suffocated by mud in a river that its herd was crossing. Mastodons weighed between 5 to 8 tons and grew up to about 2.3 to 2.8 meters at the shoulder. Anatomy Very similar to the modern elephant. The expansion could be used to melt snow if a shortage of water to drink existed, as melting it directly inside the mouth could disturb the thermal balance of the animal. The resulting calf would have the genes of the woolly mammoth, although its fetal environment would be different. The "Yukagir mammoth" had suffered from spondylitis in two vertebrae, and osteomyelitis is known from some specimens. It is in these circumstances that a battle of ownership occurs.. Im shopping for a mammoth tooth online, where I have no way of assessing the seller. A woolly mammoth tooth weighs about 2.5 kilograms. Show per page. A man found a woolly mammoth tooth while on a construction site in the city of Sheldon, Iowa. Males could weigh as much as 12,000 pounds, and females weighed 8,000 pounds. When it comes to a woolly mammoth vs mastodon, woolly mammoths were taller and heavier. He discussed the question of whether or not the remains were from elephants, but drew no conclusions. The samples are a thousand times older than Viking remains." The mammoth was not actually a woolly . Its skull and pelvis had been removed prior to discovery, but were found nearby. Mammoths were present in this area during the Late Pleistocene Ice Age. It was covered in fur, with an outer covering of long guard hairs and a shorter undercoat. Some postcranial remains were found, some with soft tissue. James St. John / Flickr / CC BY 2.0. The largest collection of portable mammoth art, consisting of 62 depictions on 47 plaques, was found in the 1960s at an excavated open-air camp near Gnnersdorf in Germany. Its cousin the Steppe mammoth ( M. trogontherii) was perhaps the largest one in the family growing up to 13 to 15 feet tall. [24] The team mapped the woolly mammoth's nuclear genome sequence by extracting DNA from the hair follicles of both a 20,000-year-old mammoth retrieved from permafrost and another that died 60,000 years ago. A newborn calf weighed about 90kg (200lb). This tooth is suspected to be over 20,000 years old. Add to Wish List. . How many mammoths lived at one location at a time is unknown, as fossil deposits are often accumulations of individuals that died over long periods of time. Because the species was social and gregarious, creating a few specimens would not be ideal. Dated to the Pleistocene, Novi Sad / Donau River / Serbia 2.5 - 1.5 Million years old (Gelasian) It weighed 8-10 tonnes. In addition to the technical problems, not much habitat is left that would be suitable for elephant-mammoth hybrids. A woolly mammoth tooth found off the coast of Newburyport, Mass., sold at auction for more than $10,000. [98] Two woolly mammoths from Wisconsin, the "Schaefer" and "Hebior mammoths", show evidence of having been butchered by Palaeoamericans. A less complete juvenile, nicknamed "Mascha", was found on the Yamal Peninsula in 1988. These are solid teeth from Caves and river deposits and are heavily mineralised, and better preserved than North Sea finds. [153] In 2022, a complete female baby woolly mammoth was found by a miner in the Klondike gold fields of Yukon, Canada. The specimen is estimated to have died 30.000 years ago, and was nicknamed "Nun cho ga", meaning "big baby animal" in the local Hn language. Female tusks were smaller and thinner, 1.51.8m (4.95.9ft) and weighing 9kg (20lb). Some of the bones used for materials may have come from mammoths killed by humans, but the state of the bones, and the fact that bones used to build a single dwelling varied by several thousands of years in age, suggests that they were collected remains of long-dead animals. A correlation between the number of mammoths depicted and the species that were most often hunted does not seem to exist, since reindeer bones are the most frequently found animal remains at the site. Large bones, such as shoulder blades, were used to cover dead human bodies during burial. Part the Second", "A Letter from John Phil. The entire expedition took 10 months, and the specimen had to be cut to pieces before it could be transported to St. Petersburg. Sometimes, the replacement was disrupted, and the molars were pushed into abnormal positions, but some animals are known to have survived this. [134][135], By 1929, the remains of 34 mammoths with frozen soft tissues (skin, flesh, or organs) had been documented. 314). To a nooby like me, they look a lot alike. We are one of North America's premiere dealer of mammoth tusks, offering spectacular specimens from Alaska and Siberia at excellent prices. It was identified as a 35- to 40-year-old male, which had died 35,000 years ago. With a genome project for the mammoth completed in 2015, it has been proposed the species could be revived through various means, but none of the methods proposed are yet feasible. Fur Mammoths had sparse to woolly fur and a short tail, unlike the long, brown, shaggy fur of the long and hairy-tailed mastodons. The tail was extended by coarse hairs up to 60cm (24in) long, which were thicker than the guard hairs. With the disappearance of mammoths, birch forests, which absorb more sunlight than grasslands, expanded, leading to regional warming. It was 34 months old, and a laceration on its right foot may have been the cause of death. How much does a woolly mammoth tooth weigh? It probably used its tusks to shovel aside snow and then uprooted tough tundra . [168], The woolly mammoth has remained culturally significant long after its extinction. [39] The well-preserved trunk of a juvenile specimen nicknamed "Yuka" was described in 2015, and it was shown to possess a fleshy expansion a third above the tip. Shop By. These sizes are deduced from comparison with modern elephants of similar size. Impressive 10 Pound (4.7 KG) Woolly Mammoth Fossil Tooth Found In Siberia $1,400.00 Free shipping or Best Offer 2 Big Woolly Rhinoceros Fossil Tooth + Roots Omsk Siberia Pleistocene Ice Age Kk $119.00 $14.95 shipping or Best Offer 22" Fossil Woolly Mammoth Tibia Bone 13lb Authentic Ancient Pre-historic OLD $609.99 or Best Offer 20 watching [32], In 2021, DNA older than a million years was sequenced for the first time, from two mammoth teeth of Early Pleistocene age found in eastern Siberia. Mammoth ivory looks similar to elephant ivory, but the former is browner and the Schreger lines are coarser in texture. The growth of the tusks slowed when foraging became harder, for example during winter, during disease, or when a male was banished from the herd (male elephants live with their herds until about the age of 10). In one location, by the Byoryolyokh River in Yakutia in Siberia, more than 8,000 bones from at least 140 mammoths have been found in a single spot, apparently having been swept there by the current. Differences were noted in genes for a number of aspects of physiology and biology that would be relevant to Arctic survival, including development of skin and hair, storage and metabolism of adipose tissue, and perceiving temperature. Modern elephants have much less hair, though juveniles have a more extensive covering of hair than adults. Among many now extinct clades, the mastodon (Mammut) is only a distant relative of the mammoths, and part of the separate family Mammutidae, which diverged 25 million years before the mammoths evolved. The bases of the huts were circular, and ranged from 8 to 24 square metres (86 to 258sqft). The small ears reduced heat loss and frostbite, and the tail was short for the same reason, only 36cm (14in) long in the "Berezovka mammoth". Genetically, however, the mammoth is very similar to. Fully grown males reached shoulder heights between 2.7 and 3.4m (8.9 and 11.2ft) and weighed up to 6 tonnes (6.6 short tons). ", "Environmental reconstruction inferred from the intestinal contents of the Yamal baby mammoth Lyuba (, "Baby mammoth find promises breakthrough", "Baby mammoth Lyuba, pristinely preserved, offers scientists rare look into mysteries of Ice Age", "Signs of biological activities of 28,000-year-old mammoth nuclei in mouse oocytes visualized by live-cell imaging", "Rare mummified baby woolly mammoth with skin and hair found in Canada", The Long Now Foundation Revive and Restore. [2][7] Following Cuvier's identification, German naturalist Johann Friedrich Blumenbach gave the woolly mammoth its scientific name, Elephas primigenius, in 1799, placing it in the same genus as the Asian elephant. "This DNA is incredibly old. [68], Examination of preserved calves shows that they were all born during spring and summer, and since modern elephants have gestation periods of 2122 months, the mating season probably was from summer to autumn. The origin of these remains was long a matter of debate, and often explained as being remains of legendary creatures. According to the New Scientist, their lakes became shallower, leaving the mammoths nothing to drink. World's oldest DNA discovered in 1.2-million-year-old mammoth teeth. An EXTRA LARGE, incredibly preserved Woolly Mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius), an early elephant, molar found in the Dogger Bank, North Sea. The arrangement of dwellings varied, and ranged from 1 to 20m (3.3 to 65.6ft) apart, depending on location. An adult of 6 tons would need to eat 180kg (397lb) daily, and may have foraged as long as 20 hours every day. View a mammoth skeleton, and compare the mastodon . Today, it is still in great demand as a replacement for the now-banned export of elephant ivory, and has been referred to as "white gold". The woolly mammoth, Mammuthus primigenius, is an extinct herbivore related to elephants who trudged across the steppe-tundras of Eurasia and North America from around 300,000 years ago until their numbers seriously dropped from around 11,000 years ago. [64][150] After death, its body may have been colonised by bacteria that produce lactic acid, which "pickled" it, preserving the mammoth in a nearly pristine state. It is estimated that the mammoth had a tusk size of up to seventy-five centimeters. R. S. With Observations, and a Description of Some Mammoth's Bones Dug up in Siberia, Proving Them to Have Belonged to Elephants", "Mammoth entry in Oxford English Dictionary", "Origin and evolution of the Elephantidae", "Reading the Evolutionary History of the Woolly Mammoth in Its Mitochondrial Genome", "Genomic DNA Sequences from Mastodon and Woolly Mammoth Reveal Deep Speciation of Forest and Savanna Elephants". However, at the end of the late Pleistocene about 12,000 years ago, these "megafauna" went extinct, a die-off called the Quaternary extinction. A finder of treasure is entitled to keep it, unless the true owner steps forward. A newborn woolly mammoth would have weighed 200 pounds. I know that it is pretty much universally hated by the fandom, but the designs from the 2013 walking with dinosaurs movie were very accurate for the time. A newborn calf would have weighed about 90kg (200lb). [132], Woolly mammoth fossils have been found in many different types of deposits, including former rivers and lakes, and in "Doggerland" in the North Sea, which was dry at times during the ice age. [183] Bernard Heuvelmans included the possibility of residual populations of Siberian mammoths in his 1955 book, On The Track Of Unknown Animals; while his book was a systematic investigation into possible unknown species, it became the basis of the cryptozoology movement.[186]. Sold Incredible Mammoth Jaw from Hungary - 1.9 feet Sold Spectacular Mammoth Tusk from Siberia - 3.83 feet long Sold Woolly Mammoth Upper Jaw with Large Molar - 17 inches Sold Pair of Beautiful Lower Woolly Mammoth Molars from Siberia - 7 inches Sold Blue Mammoth Tusk, Alaska - 9.75' Sold Dark Mammoth Tusk - 56" Sold Females averaged 2.6-2.9 m (8.5-9.5 ft) in height and weighed up to 4 tons (4.4 short tons). Woolly mammoths stood about 3 to 3.7 metres (about 10 to 12 feet) tall and weighed between 5,500 and 7,300 kg (between about 6 and 8 tons). Morphological and genetic studies suggest that woolly mammoths evolved from steppe mammoths (Mammuthus trogontherii) between about 800,000 and 600,000 years ago in Asia. The web has lots of commentary on mammoth vs mastodon, . [78], Modern humans co-existed with woolly mammoths during the Upper Palaeolithic period when the humans entered Europe from Africa between 30,000 and 40,000 years ago. The woolly mammoth tusk was discovered in 2017 and although valuable, the rare blue coloring makes it an exquisite piece. The "fence post" Bristle found turned out to be a part of a skeleton of a woolly mammoth that roamed the Earth between 10,000 and 15,000 years ago. [13][29][30], A 2011 genetic study showed that two examined specimens of the Columbian mammoth were grouped within a subclade of woolly mammoths. [82][83] DNA studies have helped determine the phylogeography of the woolly mammoth. Some cave paintings show woolly mammoths in structures interpreted as pitfall traps. University of Michigan Professor Dan Fisher has been leading the dig to remove the mammoth's remains from Bristle's property this week. The latter condition could extend the lifespan of the individual, unless the tooth consisted of only a few plates. The thick, long, shaggy outercoat was probably black. A fisherman who reeled in a woolly mammoth tooth sold it at auction for more . YouTube/University of Michigan. The group that became extinct earlier stayed in the middle of the high Arctic, while the group with the later extinction had a much wider range.